The cattle industry generates substantial quantities of organic residual matter, which, when managed effectively, holds potential as a resource for sustainable agriculture. Composting is a widely practiced method for transforming cattle manure and related organic residues into nutrient-rich compost, which improves soil health and enhances crop productivity. This chapter delves into the biogeochemical and microbial processes governing the composting of organic waste from cattle industries. The microbial dynamics within compost are crucial, as they drive the degradation of organic matter, influencing nutrient availability and the stability of the final compost product. Key microbial players—such as bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes—contribute to the breakdown of complex organic compounds, thus ensuring effective decomposition and pathogen suppression. Moreover, we explore factors influencing microbial succession during composting, including temperature, moisture, aeration, and carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio, which collectively impact compost quality. Insights from recent studies are discussed to highlight innovative strategies for enhancing microbial efficiency, promoting rapid compost maturation, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The chapter aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of microbial interactions within cattle industry composting processes, underscoring the benefits of optimized composting practices for sustainable waste management and soil fertility enhancement.