Like many other vertebrates, rodents emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) throughout the entire life span in a variety of socially relevant situations, in order to communicate information regarding individual and group identity, status, mood, or environmental conditions. High rates of USVs are emitted by pups during the first days of life when removed from the nest, by juveniles engaging in social play behavior, by adult females during social investigation, and by adult males when exposed to females or during aggression. The analysis of social USVs therefore offers a translational tool to study the neurobiological mechanisms underlying socio-affective communication. Considering the major role of the endocannabinoid system in the regulation of emotional states throughout life, it is not surprising that endocannabinoids modulate the emission of USVs. Here, we will summarize the effects of cannabinoid drugs on USVs emitted in different social contexts, such as isolation-induced USVs emitted by pups and USVs emitted by juvenile and adult rodents during social and sexual behaviors. The data outlined here provide evidence for an important role of the endocannabinoid system in social communication in rodents from birth onward. Thus, the endocannabinoid system may be altered in neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by social dysfunction and communicative deficits.