Oncogene is a genetic mutation of one gen that can drive the development of cancer. Mariano Barbacid made a historic contribution by identifying the first human oncogene during his research in the NCI in Maryland. Oncogenes are responsible for transforming a normal cell into a malignant one, ultimately leading to the development of a specific type of cancer. Upon returning to Spain, he founded and directed the Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), which became a leading hub for cancer research. Disillusioned by national science policy, he later chose to continue his work independently as a researcher. His groundbreaking discoveries have involved the KRAS and TRK oncogenes and their therapeutic potential have been crucial to understanding cancer biology. Today, his research focuses on oncogenic drivers in pancreatic and lung cancers, with the goal of developing new targeted therapies. Beyond his scientific achievements, Barbacid’s critical stance on research policy in Spain has made him an influential voice advocating for stronger support of scientific innovation.