The ABC of Spanish Ophthalmology refers to three influential figures: Hermenegildo Arruga, Ignasi Barraquer, and Ramón Castroviejo. Each specialized in different areas: Arruga in retinal detachment, Barraquer in cataract surgery, and Castroviejo in corneal transplantation. Arruga introduced innovative techniques and instruments like the Arruga forceps. Barraquer pioneered cataract extraction methods, with the suction method of the crystalline and designed the Barraquer needle holder. Castroviejo advanced corneal transplantation and developed numerous surgical tools, especially his famous needle holder used everyday in vascular surgery. Their contributions and innovations greatly impacted ophthalmology, making them internationally renowned figures in the field.