The ongoing and deepening systemic transformation of socio-economic relations in today’s dynamic and rapidly changing global reality is clearly reflected in a wide range of emerging trends across different sectors of social reproduction. Contemporary global development trends, such as the green economy, digitalization, and transhumanism, are becoming increasingly significant for market relations. This research aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the most influential and transformative trends through the lens of their alignment with the evolving social system of needs. The authors highlight the limitations of A. Maslow’s needs model, which is still widely used when analyzing complex social needs, particularly in light of the persistent (and currently growing) importance of the material production sector in ensuring the balanced and sustainable development of national economies. Drawing on a historical and diachronic approach, the presented research outlines the key stages in the evolution of social needs and their manifestations within different types of economic systems.