The integration of the Russian Federation into the system of global value chains is possible only by considering the objectively established system of international division of labor, which forms centers of global economic relations around which international production chains are structured. In modern terminology used to study international economics and trade, such complexes of production centers and the systems of trade and production links between them are referred to as global value chains. In this research, the authors analyzed the legal framework for developing and deepening industrial cooperation and integration within regional economic associations such as the EAEU and the CIS. The authors note that the currently low level of involvement of Russian enterprises in global technological chains, combined with underdeveloped private initiatives, presents a significant barrier to developing the national economy. Amidst Russia’s prolonged “transitional period,” the government has the capability and the obligation to play a driving role in planning and stimulating the technological modernization of the national economy because it possesses all necessary material and administrative resources. The Russian government must develop and implement a system of customs and tariff policies designed to encourage Russian enterprises to engage more actively in entrepreneurial activities to integrate into regional and global production chains.