The present research is focused on examining and analyzing the influence of student activity, practical training, and educational experience on the successful formation and development of professional careers among graduates of Kazan State Energy University. Understanding and identifying students’ attitudes toward their professional careers, as well as key factors that contribute to their achievement and long-term professional fulfillment, is of critical importance for the formulation and implementation of an effective strategy aimed at ensuring the sustainable development of the labor market. Based on the results of a comprehensive survey of 199 university students, the authors show that most of the respondents consider their careers as a a means of achieving self-realization, professional fulfillment, and ongoing personal development. Education, professionalism, personal qualities, and the importance of practical experience in career development are the main factors of career success. The research can be used to develop recommendations for improving students’ preparation for professional activities.