Ensuring food security represents a fundamental and indispensable component of a nation’s overall security system, serving as a crucial factor in preserving national integrity, social stability, and sovereignty. In the current era, characterized by active and accelerating climate transformations, there is a growing recognition that such environmental changes have the potential to significantly impact global food production and, consequently, food security. Adverse effects on the food system—particularly in food production, availability, and the repercussions of extreme climate changes—affect the physical and economic accessibility of food on a global scale. Changes in production and supply chains caused by climate challenges may, over time, alter dietary patterns and consumption structures of essential food products. This research examines the multifaceted connections between climate change and the sustainability of food security. Based on the analysis conducted, it concludes that sustainable food security requires the implementation of comprehensive policies capable of maximizing benefits while simultaneously mitigating the negative impacts of climate change.