This chapter introduces new evolutionary perspectives in the social sciences, aiming to provide elements for an evolutionary legal theory. It establishes a continuity between ‘classic evolutionism’—rooted in the Scottish Enlightenment and refined by Hayek—and contemporary theories. The chapter then offers a classification of new evolutionary approaches into biologically based, culturally based (including Dawkins’ meme theory) and co-evolutionary theories, noting their shared focus on phenomena as adaptations or outcomes of selection processes. Then it devotes to the ‘biological turn’ in social sciences, largely propelled by Richard Dawkins’ “The Selfish Gene”, which popularised gene-centric evolution and introduced memes as cultural replicators. The chapter also examines the revival of David Hume’s work, recognising his pre-Darwinian evolutionary insights and his influence on concepts like reciprocal altruism and evolutionary game theory. Ultimately, it highlights how Darwinian notions are now omnipresent in modern social science, sometimes metaphorically, sometimes directly, in understanding human behaviour and social institutions.