Spinal fusion surgery has become increasingly popular over time, expanding its indications beyond the treatment of spinal pathologies and traumatic injuries. With advancements in surgical techniques and the development of spinal implants, the success rate and recovery time of fusion procedures have improved. Lumbar degenerative disc disease and cervical disc replacement are among the most common reasons for fusion surgery. The use of surgical implants aims to stabilize the spine, manage pain, and promote fusion by increasing osteoblastic activity. The Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT) has shown positive results of fusion surgery in the treatment of spinal stenosis and degenerative spondylolisthesis. The global trend in spinal fusion surgery has seen a significant increase in procedures, with the United States having the highest incidence rate. Various factors contribute to this rise, including advancements in diagnostic imaging, the availability of spinal fixation devices, expanded surgical indications, and minimally invasive surgery techniques. The overall safety profile of spinal fusion procedures has improved, leading to lower complication rates and reoperation rates. However, potential complications such as neurological injuries, implant-related problems, pseudarthrosis, infections, and wound issues should be carefully managed. Individualized decision-making considering patient condition and risk of complications is crucial. Spinal fusion offers advantages such as stabilization of painful segment movement, prevention of reoperation at the fused level, relief of low back pain, correction of deformities, and improved spinal alignment. However, there are also disadvantages, including increased muscle dissection, longer recovery time, potential complications, adjacent segment disease, limited mobility, and the need for additional surgery. Further research is needed to establish guidelines and evidence-based treatment approaches for different surgical indications and to assess clinical outcomes and revision surgery rates.