A rehabilitation plan following dynamic lumbar stabilization surgery should be formulated on the basis of basic sciences. The goals of the surgery are the decompression of the neural tissue, restoration of the vertebral alignment, and stabilization. Postoperative rehabilitation protocols are based on basic principles but should always be tailored according to the patient. The biology of implant osseointegration, healing timelines of the collagen tissue, and mechanobiology of collagen tissue healing are the main factors in determining the phases of the rehabilitation programs. The osseointegration process is important, and if aggressive rehabilitation is performed before osseointegration is complete, loosening of the implant may result. As far as the mechanobiology of collagen tissue healing is concerned, excessive movement in a region that has recently undergone surgery damages collagen tissue healing. Complete removal of load is also harmful to normal healing. Controlled loading can enhance healing in most settings. The rationale of exercise programs is to develop dynamic stability in the spine by creating a muscle brace around the spine. Close communication and collaboration between the surgeon, pain specialist, rehabilitation team, and the patient are crucially important for the best functional outcome.