X-ray techniques are of importance in fields ranging from condensed matter physics to protein structure to medical imaging. With the development of synchrotron light sources, new techniques have arose that provide valuable information of the interactions at the mesoscale. This chapter introduces synchrotron X-ray sources and how they operate along with the fundamentals of X-ray scattering from a first-principles perspective. Additionally, a discussion of reciprocal s‘pace and how we measure it is presented. Finally, two techniques that leverage synchrotron light are explained: micro-diffraction and dark-field X-ray microscopy. Their operation, advantages and limitations are discussed.