This chapter begins by explaining the rationale of my book, Atheists and Atheism before the Enlightenment: The English and Scottish Experience (Cambridge, 2023). It indicates how my frustration at the vagueness and indeterminacy of many studies of early modern ‘atheism’ led me to look for case studies of the actual expression of atheist ideas and explains how the core of the book is represented by my essay on Thomas Aikenhead and the ‘assurance’ shown by him and his like. It also summarises the cases of Archibald Pitcairne and his Pitcairneana, and of Tinkler Ducket. Turning to additional evidence not in the book, this chapter then adds an account of the reaction to the Ducket case of the Newtonian, William Whiston and reveals further information about encounters with free-thinkers described by the lawyer, Dudley Ryder, in his student diary of 1715. I speculate on their implications at the conclusion of my chapter.