This chapter provides a comprehensive general overview of interventional pulmonology, detailing the evolution of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, history of bronchoscopy, the pivotal role of anesthesia, and advancements in anesthesia techniques. It traces the historical development from rigid bronchoscopy to the introduction of flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopes and modern innovations like endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) and robotic-assisted bronchoscopy. Key diagnostic tools discussed are bronchoalveolar lavage, transbronchial biopsy, and needle aspirations, as well as therapeutic interventions such as laser therapy, cryotherapy, and airway stenting. The chapter also highlights the critical role of anesthesia for bronchoscopic procedures, from early topical cocaine use to contemporary general anesthesia and sedation, emphasizing improved patient safety and procedural precision. These advancements have transformed the management of respiratory diseases, offering minimally invasive options with enhanced diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic efficacy.