This chapter explores reapportionment from 1850 to 1910, where preferences for adequate representation once again dominated the apportionment process. The Fourteenth Amendment fundamentally altered the reapportionment process because it effectively eliminated the 3/5 Compromise, which provided partial representation for slave populations in southern states. Although African Americans were counted in full, many southern states did not provide them with full civil rights, including the right to vote. Even with the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment, representatives expressed hesitancy to provide southern states adequate representation unless civil rights, including the right to vote, were fully protected. In 1850, a permanent apportionment process was introduced that shifted reapportionment from Congress to the executive branch and instituted a new apportionment method. Consequently, no Congress followed the permanent act, and the House continued to increase in size amid mathematical inconsistencies, known as the Alabama Paradox. Under the new method, some states received fewer seats as the size of the House increased. Overall, from 1850 to 1900, reapportionment remained flexible, and the permanent law passed in 1850 was never followed.