As the global carbon neutrality goal is being advanced, carbon capture technology, as one of the key means of emission reduction, its development has become a core factor restricting China’s achievement of the dual-carbon goal, and economic viability is an important reference factor for the development and implementation of carbon capture technology. Therefore, this paper constructs a key economic indicator system including total cost, total revenue, net present value, internal rate of return, and break-even carbon price, and based on unified initial conditions, quantitatively calculates and comparatively analyzes the economic viability of three mainstream technologies: chemical adsorption, temperature swing/pressure swing adsorption technology, and membrane separation. The research provides an important reference basis for the selection of carbon capture technology solutions and the formulation of relevant policies.