Algeria, Africa’s largest country, is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, which exacerbate existing environmental, socio-economic, and public health challenges. This chapter explores the intricate interplay between climate change and sustainable development in Algeria, focusing on the country’s vulnerabilities, mitigation efforts, and adaptation strategies. Findings reveal alarming trends, including rising temperatures, declining precipitation, and increasing frequency of extreme weather events such as droughts, and heatwaves. These climate risks threaten vital sectors like agriculture, water resources, and public health, while also intensifying desertification and resource scarcity. The chapter highlights Algeria’s proactive measures, such as the implementation of its National Climate Plan and alignment with global frameworks like the Paris Agreement. Key strategies include reducing greenhouse gas emissions, expanding renewable energy, enhancing water management, and restoring degraded lands. Despite these efforts, significant challenges remain, particularly in mobilizing financial resources, strengthening institutional capacity, and fostering regional cooperation. By analyzing Algeria’s experiences within broader African and global contexts, this chapter identifies actionable recommendations to enhance climate resilience. It underscores the critical role of integrated approaches that balance economic development with environmental sustainability, offering valuable insights for addressing climate challenges in semi-arid and arid regions worldwide.