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Individual variability in responses to physical training is influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. Understanding the molecular basis of these differences can contribute to the advancement of precision sports science. This chapter is structured around the classical energy systems described in exercise physiology, namely, the alactic anaerobic, lactic anaerobic, and aerobic systems, highlighting how specific genes and their polymorphisms modulate the efficiency, plasticity, and maximal capacity of each metabolic pathway. In the alactic anaerobic system, genes such as ACTN3 (rs1815739) and CKM (rs8111989) influence explosive power, while polymorphisms in ACE (insertion/deletion (I/D)) and AGT (rs699) modulate hemodynamics during intense efforts. The lactic anaerobic system, responsible for glycolysis and lactate production, is regulated by genes such as MCT1 (rs1049434) and IL6 (rs1800795), which impact both energy metabolism and the inflammatory response. The aerobic system, based on oxidative phosphorylation, involves genes related to mitochondrial biogenesis and oxygen transport, including PPARGC1A (rs8192678), PPARA (rs4253778), PPARD (rs2016520), NOS3 (rs2070744, rs1799983), and VEGFA (rs2010963). By integrating physiological function with genetic regulation, it becomes possible to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of exercise adaptation. A hypothetical case study illustrates how two 10 km runners with distinct genomic profiles would respond differently to the same training program, one with a more oxidative profile characterized by greater mitochondrial efficiency and better lactate utilization and the other with a more powerful profile characterized by greater explosive strength but reduced aerobic sustainability. In conclusion, genetics does not determine athletic performance in isolation but modulates the adaptive response to training stimuli. The integration of physiology and genomics paves the way for individualized prescription strategies that simultaneously account for phenotypic plasticity and genomic predisposition.

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Genetics and Exercise Physiology

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Paulo Roberto Correia

摘要

Individual variability in responses to physical training is influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. Understanding the molecular basis of these differences can contribute to the advancement of precision sports science. This chapter is structured around the classical energy systems described in exercise physiology, namely, the alactic anaerobic, lactic anaerobic, and aerobic systems, highlighting how specific genes and their polymorphisms modulate the efficiency, plasticity, and maximal capacity of each metabolic pathway. In the alactic anaerobic system, genes such as ACTN3 (rs1815739) and CKM (rs8111989) influence explosive power, while polymorphisms in ACE (insertion/deletion (I/D)) and AGT (rs699) modulate hemodynamics during intense efforts. The lactic anaerobic system, responsible for glycolysis and lactate production, is regulated by genes such as MCT1 (rs1049434) and IL6 (rs1800795), which impact both energy metabolism and the inflammatory response. The aerobic system, based on oxidative phosphorylation, involves genes related to mitochondrial biogenesis and oxygen transport, including PPARGC1A (rs8192678), PPARA (rs4253778), PPARD (rs2016520), NOS3 (rs2070744, rs1799983), and VEGFA (rs2010963). By integrating physiological function with genetic regulation, it becomes possible to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of exercise adaptation. A hypothetical case study illustrates how two 10 km runners with distinct genomic profiles would respond differently to the same training program, one with a more oxidative profile characterized by greater mitochondrial efficiency and better lactate utilization and the other with a more powerful profile characterized by greater explosive strength but reduced aerobic sustainability. In conclusion, genetics does not determine athletic performance in isolation but modulates the adaptive response to training stimuli. The integration of physiology and genomics paves the way for individualized prescription strategies that simultaneously account for phenotypic plasticity and genomic predisposition.