Scientific research on the relationship between genetics and athletic performance has evolved significantly over the past century, moving from early theories of heredity to advanced genomic analyses. The growing understanding of genetic factors that influence athletic performance has not only expanded scientific knowledge but also raised ethical and practical questions regarding talent identification, training optimization, and potential genetic interventions. This chapter aims to explore the historical evolution of genetic research in sports, from the earliest studies on heredity and performance to the groundbreaking discoveries made possible by molecular genetics. Key milestones will be discussed, including the Human Genome Project, the introduction of genome-wide association studies, and the identification of performance-related genes such as ACTN3 and ACE. In addition, we will examine the ethical considerations that have emerged along this trajectory, shaping the responsible application of genetic knowledge in the sports context. By tracing this historical pathway, this chapter provides a comprehensive overview of how genetics has influenced research on athletic performance, preparing the reader for future discussions on its physiological and practical implications.