This chapter examines the dual challenges of food scarcity and distribution inefficiencies within global food value chains, highlighting their profound implications for health, economies, and sustainable development. Food scarcity remains a pressing global crisis, affecting nearly 900 million people, with Sub-Saharan Africa experiencing the highest rates of food insecurity. The drivers of scarcity are multifaceted, ranging from climate change, droughts, and rapid urbanization to poverty, policy failures, and global conflicts. Alongside scarcity, distribution challenges—including poor infrastructure, high transportation costs, food waste, and regulatory barriers—further exacerbate inequalities in access to safe and nutritious food. The chapter examines the economic modeling of supply chain inefficiencies, policy frameworks such as international trade agreements, and the potential of technological innovations, including artificial intelligence, blockchain, and smart logistics, for enhancing traceability, forecasting, and operational efficiency. Case studies from Africa, Asia, and Europe illustrate region-specific manifestations of food crises. At the same time, lessons from successful interventions underscore the importance of climate-smart agriculture, improved storage, and legislative measures in combating food waste. Ultimately, the chapter calls for coordinated global action that integrates policy reforms, sustainable agricultural practices, and technological solutions to strengthen food systems and ensure resilience against future shocks.