This chapter examines the profound ethical challenges arising from the convergence of artificial intelligence and neurotechnology. These challenges become particularly acute as these technologies develop unprecedented capabilities to decode neural activity and interpret cognitive processes. This chapter addresses a critical gap between current technical realities and public perceptions. Current neural decoding can reconstruct visual experiences, decode semantic content, and identify emotional states from brain activity. However, public perceptions are often shaped by science fiction narratives. While current “mind reading” technologies face significant limitations regarding resolution, generalizability, and access to complex thought processes, their rapid advancement necessitates proactive ethical frameworks. The analysis moves beyond traditional bioethical principles to explore emerging concepts specifically designed for neurotechnology. These include cognitive liberty (the right to control one’s own mental processes), neural privacy (protection against unauthorized access to brain activity), and mental integrity (safeguarding against technological manipulation of cognitive processes). Neural data presents unique privacy challenges. These arise from its exceptional intimacy, difficulty of anonymization, and significant inferential potential when analyzed with advanced AI algorithms. This chapter traces the emergence of “neural rights” as a novel legal and philosophical framework, highlighting pioneering developments such as Chile’s constitutional amendment protecting mental privacy and cognitive freedom. As brain-computer interfaces enable increasingly sophisticated human-machine cognitive systems, fundamental questions arise about agency, identity, security, and equity that require new governance approaches. This chapter concludes that protecting human dignity in an AI-enhanced world demands unprecedented ethical innovation—frameworks that evolve alongside technological capabilities while preserving essential aspects of human autonomy and mental privacy.