The rapid evolution of aeronautical and aerospace technologies demands materials and coatings that deliver exceptional multifunctional performance under extreme environmental conditions. Among these, multifunctional hybrid sol–gel coatings have garnered significant attention owing to their superior protective properties and versatility. These coatings, derived from the sol–gel process combining organic and inorganic components at a molecular level, offer an innovative approach to enhancing corrosion resistance, wear resistance, thermal stability, and other crucial surface functionalities. Hybrid sol–gel coatings have emerged as promising candidates for addressing multiple performance requirements in aerospace applications, including corrosion resistance, thermal protection, mechanical durability, and environmental stability. This review summarizes the synthesis strategies, functional modifications, and application-specific roles of hybrid sol–gel coatings in the aeronautical and aerospace industries. Key advances, current challenges, and future outlooks are also discussed.