This chapter introduces the foundations of structural optimization, highlighting its role in engineering practice and scientific research. It outlines the evolution of optimization methods and their integration into structural design, emphasizing the growing importance of computational tools and sustainability considerations. Key motivations for applying optimization in civil engineering are presented, showing how it enhances efficiency, reduces costs, and supports informed decision-making. The chapter also discusses the balance between theoretical rigor and practical applicability, clarifying the scope of the book and its intended audience, which includes both researchers and practicing engineers. By situating optimization as a central tool in modern design, the chapter prepares the reader to understand how mathematical models and computational strategies contribute to solving complex engineering problems and improving the performance of structural systems.