This chapter examines changes to worker protection policies in the UK since the mid-1990s, focusing on the trajectory of in-work benefit and other ‘make work pay’ reforms. During this period IWBs underwent significant quantitative change and institutional overhaul. Together with the introduction of the minimum wage, in-work benefits became a core element in how the state intervenes to support low-income workers and regulate the low-wage labour market. Following an overview of the trajectory of UK IWBs since the 1970s, Parts I to III analyse the major phases of reform since the mid-1990s: the creation of tax credits and the National Minimum Wage (late 1990s to early 2000s), the passage of Universal Credit (late 2000s to early 2010s) and the subsequent recalibration of IWBs together with minimum wage expansion (2015–2020s).