Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by social communication challenges and restricted, repetitive behaviors. This chapter explores cognitive differences in ASD through four major theories: Theory of Mind (ToM), Weak Central Coherence (WCC), Executive Dysfunction, and Social Motivation. ToM deficits affect perspective-taking and social interactions, while WCC suggests a detail-focused cognitive style that influences perception and language processing. Executive dysfunction contributes to difficulties in cognitive flexibility, planning, and behavioral regulation, and the Social Motivation theory highlights reduced interest in social engagement as a key factor in ASD development. Beyond these theories, this chapter examines cognitive variability in ASD, including differences in intelligence, executive function, attention, perception, and language. Some individuals demonstrate remarkable strengths in pattern recognition and logical reasoning, while others experience challenges in social cognition, sensory processing, and pragmatic language use. These cognitive profiles necessitate individualized educational and therapeutic interventions. This chapter concludes by addressing research limitations, such as population heterogeneity and the need for ecologically valid studies. Future directions emphasize integrating multiple cognitive frameworks, longitudinal studies, and personalized interventions. A comprehensive understanding of ASD cognition is essential for developing effective support strategies that enhance social, academic, and daily functioning.