The growing pressure for low-carbon solutions in maritime transport is accelerating the search for alternative fuels, especially in Brazilian coastal shipping. This chapter evaluates ethanol as a strategic decarbonization vector for the sector, considering the international regulatory context, the maturity of the national production chain, and the technical challenges involved. The research adopts a qualitative approach, based on literature review and document analysis, complemented by a SWOT matrix (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats). Results indicate that ethanol offers significant advantages in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, existing infrastructure, and alignment with public policies. However, challenges such as fleet adaptation, the absence of specific regulations, and competition with other energy alternatives limit its adoption. The study contributes to a technical reflection on sustainable pathways in commercial shipping and proposes pathways to enable the use of biofuels in Brazilian coastal shipping.