Understanding the complex dynamics of workload in occupational settings is pivotal for enhancing worker well-being and productivity. This study investigates the cognitive and physical workloads among construction workers at a Cancer Hospital project using the NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) and Cardiovascular Load methods. The study reveals that all individuals involved in the project face significant mental burden pressures exceeding a NASA-TLX score of > 60, indicating substantial strain on average. Additionally, a notable proportion of workers, specifically 2 out of 9, experience physical burdens. Correlation analyses highlight significant relationships: a negative correlation between Physical Demand (PD) and Temporal Demand (TD) (r = -0.714, p = 0.031), suggesting tasks with higher physical exertion offer greater temporal flexibility. A positive correlation between Own Performance (OP) and Average Heart Rate at Work (HRWorkAv) (r = 0.747, p = 0.021) underscores how perceived performance correlates with physiological responses. These findings illuminate the interaction of physical demands, cognitive workload, and physiological responses in construction settings, guiding task design. The findings suggest redesigning tasks to reduce cognitive overload and adding physical support to balance mental and physical demands. This study improves worker health and safety, increasing construction productivity and reducing injury rates.