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Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) have become essential for ocean monitoring, environmental sensing, and disaster prevention. One of the most critical tasks in UWSNs is localization, which allows sensor nodes to determine their positions accurately. This paper provides a comprehensive review of localization techniques in UWSNs, categorizing them into fixed, range-based, range-free, and AI-based methods. It discusses the main challenges in underwater localization, such as signal attenuation, long propagation delays, and energy constraints. Moreover, we highlight the increasing trend of using artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance localization accuracy and efficiency. A percentage-based comparison of AI-based and non- AI-based systems from 2015 to 2025 is also presented to emphasize this technological shift.

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Localization Techniques in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: From Fixed to AI-Based Techniques

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Iman Valizadeh,
  • Jaime Lloret

摘要

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) have become essential for ocean monitoring, environmental sensing, and disaster prevention. One of the most critical tasks in UWSNs is localization, which allows sensor nodes to determine their positions accurately. This paper provides a comprehensive review of localization techniques in UWSNs, categorizing them into fixed, range-based, range-free, and AI-based methods. It discusses the main challenges in underwater localization, such as signal attenuation, long propagation delays, and energy constraints. Moreover, we highlight the increasing trend of using artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance localization accuracy and efficiency. A percentage-based comparison of AI-based and non- AI-based systems from 2015 to 2025 is also presented to emphasize this technological shift.