Protected cultivation and secondary agriculture are transformative approaches that enhance agricultural productivity, resource efficiency, and sustainability. Protected cultivation involves using controlled environments such as greenhouses, polyhouses, and net houses to shield crops from adverse climatic conditions, ensuring year-round production with optimized resource utilization. This technique improves yield, reduces biotic and abiotic stresses, and enhances quality, making it particularly crucial for high-value crops. Secondary agriculture, on the other hand, focuses on value addition, waste utilization, and byproduct processing to maximize agricultural output and reduce post-harvest losses. It includes agro-processing, bioenergy production, and functional ingredient extraction, contributing to economic growth and environmental sustainability. Integration of protected cultivation with secondary agriculture creates a circular agricultural system, where waste from one process becomes a resource for another, fostering resilience in food systems. This chapter explores recent advancements in protected cultivation technologies, the role of automation and precision agriculture, and the potential of secondary agriculture in enhancing economic viability. Case studies, innovative practices, and policy perspectives are discussed to highlight the role of these approaches in ensuring food security and strengthening sustainable agriculture.