Neurology emerged as an independent specialty in the nineteenth century. The first subspecialties of neurology were electroencephalography and electromyography, which developed between World Wars I and II. Following WWII, the appearance of new diagnostic approaches and the discovery of new treatments promoted the birth of additional subspecialties, such as movement disorders, stroke, neuroimmunology, headache, and sleep. The necessary, and exciting, still ongoing superspecialization of neurology faces challenges related to insufficient neurological workforce, increasing fragmentation in care (as well as education and research), and financial burden of the health system. To guarantee future appropriate and affordable care of neurological patients, discussions are needed to foster and harmonize training, research, and career pathways of next generations of specialized and general neurologists.