Based on the available evidence, neurological disorders constitute the largest health burden worldwide, currently impacting over 43% of the global population (3.4 billion people) with constantly increasing number of cases, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years. Almost 85% of this burden originates from low- and middle-income countries, with the top five causes attributed to neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, stroke, dementia, and diabetic neuropathy. Even though the age- and population-standardized burden rates of most disorders have decreased since 1990, the absolute burden estimates of most neurological disorders as well as the age-standardized burden rates of neurological sequelae due to certain diseases, such as diabetes, neonatal sepsis, and malaria, have increased substantially. Moreover, new viral infections that cause long-term cognitive impairments, such as COVID-19 and Zika, have emerged in the twenty-first century, also comprising a substantial proportion of the burden of neurological disorders. Given the high and increasing absolute burden of diseases affecting the nervous system, neurological disorders can justifiably be considered the top health priority across the world. Due to their broad variation between different age groups and geographical regions, effectively investigating, raising awareness, and implementing evidence-based prevention, diagnostic, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies require interregional collaboration between healthcare professionals and policymakers from various fields of medical and environmental sciences.