In order to investigate the influence of segmentation patterns of prefabricated components on the mechanical behavior during the assembly of prefabricated subway stations, this study relies on the Shapu Station of Shenzhen Metro Line 12 and the Yuanjiadian Station of Changchun Metro, which feature two different segmentation patterns for station components. Three-dimensional single-ring structural models of the subway stations were constructed for both segmentation patterns, and the stress and deformation of the components during assembly were analyzed under the same geological conditions. The results indicate that the locations of maximum and minimum principal stresses and maximum Mises stress are essentially the same for both segmentation patterns, with the stress values being smaller in the Shenzhen segmentation pattern. The larger block segmentation pattern for the roof and floor of prefabricated components can effectively reduce the vertical and lateral deflections of the station structure in the early stages of construction. Compared to the smaller block pattern, the maximum principal stress in the crown area of the roof can be reduced by 55.86% to 105.90%, the minimum principal stress by 5.13% to 14.19%, and the maximum Mises stress by 4.00% to 14.27% after construction completion. After the single-ring assembly is finished, the maximum principal stress at the segmentation locations of the floor with the smaller block pattern is 6.33 times that of the larger block pattern, the minimum principal stress is 1.29 times, and the maximum Mises stress is 1.35 times, indicating that the larger block pattern exhibits superior mechanical performance. The findings of this study can provide a reference for the construction of prefabricated subway stations.