The nonavailability of safe water in adequate quantities has become an issue of concern among the scientific community, engineers, technologists, policy makers, government and nongovernment agencies, etc., at the global scale. This increase may be accelerated by the cumulative effects of swiftly increasing human population, water deficiency, and industrial- and agricultural-based pollution, in addition to climatic variations. This issue has encouraged scientists, engineers, and technologists to develop affordable technologies to address polluted water effectively, considering their biological and chemical pollutants. Therefore, an attempt has been made to analyze the successful application of stimuli-responsive polymers in water quality management. These studies shed light on the mechanisms, behavior, applications, and types of smart polymers used in water treatment systems. This study also highlights recent advancements in pollutant detection techniques in context with pH- and ion-responsive hydrogels and sensors based on nanocomposite materials. Additionally, a few case studies on the successful use of intelligent polymers for the detection of heavy metals, pathogens, and other contaminants along with real-time monitoring exemplify the synergistic efforts of science, engineering, and technology. Thus, present chapter highlights the potential of such polymers to treat contaminated water for protecting available water resources.