Water scarcity and insecurity are escalating global challenges with significant implications for human health, food production, environmental sustainability, and socio-economic development. As both natural and anthropogenic factors (such as climate change, population growth, industrial pollution, and poor water governance) exacerbate these issues, the need for integrated and interdisciplinary solutions becomes more urgent. This chapter explores causes and consequences of water scarcity. The major drivers of water insecurity, including emerging pollutants, mismanagement of water resources, and the degradation of aquatic ecosystems, are critically examined. The chapter highlights the role of integrated resource management, surveillance and early warning systems, and community engagement in mitigating the risks associated with water scarcity. Special attention is given to the long-term implications of water insecurity, such as antimicrobial resistance, declining food security, and the impact on vulnerable populations. Policy recommendations are discussed, advocating for sustainable, inclusive, and climate-resilient water governance frameworks that align with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG 6. The One Health approach serves as a comprehensive strategy for addressing water scarcity, promoting cross-sector collaboration, and fostering innovation in water use and conservation. Thus, this chapter stresses the urgency of adopting holistic and equitable water management solutions that safeguard public and environmental health, ensure future water availability, and build resilient communities.