Improving Heat Pump System Performance with Fan-Convectors in Multi-Apartment Buildings
摘要
Heat pumps (HPs) are a promising technology to replace flat-wise gas or electric boilers. However, the integration of HPs in existing multi-apartment buildings is challenging and the performance strongly depends on the supply temperature (ST), which is influenced by the heating load and by the type and size of the heat emitters. Hence, the most important step for an efficient HP system operation is the thermal renovation of the building. The ST can be further reduced using fan-convectors (F-C) instead of radiators. However, fan operation requires to auxiliary electricity and leads to sound emissions that can violate acoustic comfort. Multi-zone dynamic building and HVAC simulations in Matlab/Simulink are conducted to optimize HP performance with different heat emitters (radiators and F-C) in renovated buildings with different quality standards and two different ventilation systems: extract air (Ext Sys) and mechanical ventilation with heat recovery (MVHR). The results show that conventional convectors with a constant ST achieve an SPF of 1.8. Implementing a heating curve increases the SPF only slightly. With F-C the SPF increases to 3.0 and 2.5 for the case of MVHR and Ext Sys, respectively. The introduction of fan operation profiles results in a decrease of the SPF of approximately 10%, but ensures acoustic comfort. Auxiliary energy consumption of the fans has a relevant influence in particular in the interim seasons. Prerequisite for good HP performance is a very high building energy standard; with F-C the HP performance can then be further improved.