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This study examines a rule-based hybrid energy management system aimed at optimising energy distribution and cost-efficiency for a group of semi-detached houses in Dublin, Ireland. The system combines photovoltaic (PV) panels, gas boiler (GB), air heat pump (HP), and thermal energy storage (TES) which are integrated to balance renewable and conventional energy sources across different electricity tariff structures. Four tariff types: real-time pricing (RTP), time-of-use (TOU), flat, and weekend tariffs, are analysed alongside demand response (DR) strategies to assess impacts on costs and energy flexibility. The rule-based algorithm manages energy resources based on demand, time, and energy prices, adapting to fluctuating electricity costs. Findings indicate that DR enhances TES utilisation and aligns energy consumption with lower tariff periods, especially under RTP and TOU tariffs. In particular, RTP emerges as the most cost-effective and flexible scenario due to frequent price adjustments, benefiting DR-enabled systems. The study underscores the potential of advanced optimisation algorithms to improve DR benefits further. Recognising the marginal cost of energy flexibility is a core focus here and provides essential insights for developing incentives and enhancing buildings’ role in grid flexibility.

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Evaluating Marginal Flexibility Costs in Hybrid Energy Management for Residential Demand Response

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Annalisa Bringiotti,
  • Behnam Mohseni Gharyehsafa,
  • Fabiano Pallonetto,
  • Mattia De Rosa

摘要

This study examines a rule-based hybrid energy management system aimed at optimising energy distribution and cost-efficiency for a group of semi-detached houses in Dublin, Ireland. The system combines photovoltaic (PV) panels, gas boiler (GB), air heat pump (HP), and thermal energy storage (TES) which are integrated to balance renewable and conventional energy sources across different electricity tariff structures. Four tariff types: real-time pricing (RTP), time-of-use (TOU), flat, and weekend tariffs, are analysed alongside demand response (DR) strategies to assess impacts on costs and energy flexibility. The rule-based algorithm manages energy resources based on demand, time, and energy prices, adapting to fluctuating electricity costs. Findings indicate that DR enhances TES utilisation and aligns energy consumption with lower tariff periods, especially under RTP and TOU tariffs. In particular, RTP emerges as the most cost-effective and flexible scenario due to frequent price adjustments, benefiting DR-enabled systems. The study underscores the potential of advanced optimisation algorithms to improve DR benefits further. Recognising the marginal cost of energy flexibility is a core focus here and provides essential insights for developing incentives and enhancing buildings’ role in grid flexibility.