All That Solid Flesh Melts into Air: The Communist Manifesto as Proletarian Ghost Story
摘要
Besides its infamous figure of “the spectre of Communism,” The Communist Manifesto (1848) is politically animated by the generally unregarded ghosts of real proletarians. To distinguish and foreground the (in)apparency of these ghosts, this chapter examines Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels’s solidaristic observation and remembrance of the vocal, insistent afterlife of proletarian ghosts. The Manifesto’s proletarian ghost story is elaborated via ghost-seeing in German Romanticism, living-death liminality in earlier works by Marx and Engels, and the nekyia in Marx’s Capital, Vol. 1 (1867); key intertexts by J. W. von Goethe, G. W. F. Hegel, Thomas Carlyle and Heinrich Heine; and textual analysis of salient phrases and passages in the Manifesto itself. The standard translation of Marx’s expression der ungeheuren Mehrzahl is “the immense majority.” The overlooked latent Gothic connotation—“the monstrous majority”—supports the chapter’s argument that the Manifesto rehearses the revolutionary irruption from capitalism’s nether world of the proletariat as the independent movement of a monstrous collective of ghosts.