Environmental pollutants pose a significant risk to human health and the ecosystem when present in low concentrations. Bioremediation (BR) by microbes is a popular method for removing pollutants due to its effectiveness, cost, and ecological sustainability. Degradation is significantly dependent on parameters such as temperature, pH, N2 addition, O2 concentration, soluble salts, chemical and physical contaminants, and hydrophobic qualities. The enzymes found in bacteria facilitate the rapid and thorough degradation of pollutants, while new advanced methods such as genetic/metabolic engineering are used to produce specific chemicals or enzymes for effective pollutant eradication. This chapter examines the latest advancements in BR methods, the mechanisms by which microorganisms decompose various toxins for environmental sustainability, and the prospective future of BR in mitigating global pollution.