Perceiving God through ‘contemplation of the Holy Trinity’ (ነጽሮተ፡ ሥሉስ፡ ቅዱስ፡) is understood as the pinnacle of the Christian journey within the fervent belief of the Ethiopian Orthodox Täwaḥǝdo Church (EOTC). For hundreds of years, it has been enshrined as the final stage in an important monastic paradigm known as the ‘Ten Steps of Adam’. Although ascetic paradigms involving progressive steps were widespread in Late Antiquity, the Ethiopian situation is distinct because of how it has eschewed Western modes of systematic and abstract thinking in favour of mysterious and embodied divine participation. This chapter argues that spiritual perception in the EOTC must be viewed through the lens of Ethiopia’s unique traditions, theology, and cultural dynamics. After considering some basic features of perception in Ethiopia, it outlines a pressing theological debate concerning the intercessory role of Christ that currently reinforces significant social divisions caused by different convictions concerning power and honour. If Christ receives prayers instead of praying Himself to the Father, the intercessory and mediatory role of the saints becomes amplified. This chapter suggests that the EOTC view (that Christ is primarily an intercessor ontologically, in His person) is actually deeply aligned with biblical terminology and ancient notions of power and honour. The longest portion of this chapter explores language that describes divine participation and spiritual progress in the EOTC. It is argued that perception of the divine is mediated through an entourage of heavenly beings, saints, and monks. What is more, this saintly mediation is seen to facilitate both the honour of God and the capacity of humans to participate in the divine. In the EOTC, fundamentally, divine perception is inextricably linked with divine participation, and that divine participation is articulated in unique ways.

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The Impact of Cultural Dynamics on Spiritual Perception: The Cult of Saints in the Ethiopian Orthodox Täwaḥǝdo Church

  • Calum Samuelson

摘要

Perceiving God through ‘contemplation of the Holy Trinity’ (ነጽሮተ፡ ሥሉስ፡ ቅዱስ፡) is understood as the pinnacle of the Christian journey within the fervent belief of the Ethiopian Orthodox Täwaḥǝdo Church (EOTC). For hundreds of years, it has been enshrined as the final stage in an important monastic paradigm known as the ‘Ten Steps of Adam’. Although ascetic paradigms involving progressive steps were widespread in Late Antiquity, the Ethiopian situation is distinct because of how it has eschewed Western modes of systematic and abstract thinking in favour of mysterious and embodied divine participation. This chapter argues that spiritual perception in the EOTC must be viewed through the lens of Ethiopia’s unique traditions, theology, and cultural dynamics. After considering some basic features of perception in Ethiopia, it outlines a pressing theological debate concerning the intercessory role of Christ that currently reinforces significant social divisions caused by different convictions concerning power and honour. If Christ receives prayers instead of praying Himself to the Father, the intercessory and mediatory role of the saints becomes amplified. This chapter suggests that the EOTC view (that Christ is primarily an intercessor ontologically, in His person) is actually deeply aligned with biblical terminology and ancient notions of power and honour. The longest portion of this chapter explores language that describes divine participation and spiritual progress in the EOTC. It is argued that perception of the divine is mediated through an entourage of heavenly beings, saints, and monks. What is more, this saintly mediation is seen to facilitate both the honour of God and the capacity of humans to participate in the divine. In the EOTC, fundamentally, divine perception is inextricably linked with divine participation, and that divine participation is articulated in unique ways.