This study explores how digital finance promotes the optimization of corporate ESG performance, using data from Chinese A-share listed companies between 2011 and 2022. Employing OLS regression analysis, the findings indicate that improvements in both the coverage and intensity of digital finance significantly enhance ESG performance. The analysis further explores the moderating effects of governance structures and shows that dual CEO roles and larger board size amplify the positive impact of digital finance on ESG outcomes. The mediation analysis reveals a paradoxical role of digitalization: while digital finance accelerates corporate digital transformation, higher levels of digitization initially have a negative impact on ESG performance due to transition costs and adaptation challenges. This research offers empirical evidence for the strategic integration of digital financial tools and governance mechanisms in ESG-oriented decision-making. The findings provide actionable insights for policymakers, corporate leaders, and system designers aiming to leverage intelligent financial technologies and organizational design for sustainable value creation.