Amid China’s ongoing economic transition under the “new normal,” enhancing urban resilience has become a strategic focus. This paper examines how digital government initiatives influence urban economic resilience, using the “Information Benefiting the People” national pilot as a quasi-natural experiment. Drawing on panel data from 284 cities spanning 2010 to 2021 and applying a Difference-in-Differences (DID) approach, the analysis reveals a notable positive effect of digital government on economic resilience, especially in the eastern regions and in cities with advanced industrialization and strong fiscal conditions. Further analysis shows that this impact is mediated through strengthened urban innovation and more efficient resource allocation. Additionally, the relationship is positively influenced by a supportive institutional environment and a well-developed digital economy. A range of robustness tests, such as placebo and parallel trend analyses, reinforce the credibility of the findings. Policy recommendations include promoting digital platform integration, refining resource allocation mechanisms, and developing localized digital governance strategies to bolster resilience. This research offers empirical support for the resilience-building potential of digital governance and provides practical guidance for sustainable urban development.