Headache attributed to aeroplane travel, also known as aeroplane headache (AH), is a unique type of headache triggered by air travel. It is historically described in isolated case reports and small case series. Recognized since 2004, this unique clinical syndrome was clearly defined decades later, which enabled structured research and developed the diagnostic criteria now included in the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD). This chapter reviews the evolution of AH understanding, from initial descriptive studies to large-scale investigations involving thousands of travelers, which clarified the clinical features of AH—characteristically a unilateral, severe, and short-lasting headache occurring predominantly during aircraft descent. This chapter also examines current pathophysiological theories, including sinus barotrauma and cerebral vasodilation mediated by prostaglandin E2, and highlights anatomical and environmental factors that may predispose individuals to AH. Likewise, we investigate therapeutic approaches based on available evidence, including the prophylactic use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), triptans, and nasal decongestants, emphasizing dosing strategies and clinical efficacy. Recognizing AH as a distinct headache disorder has supported the development of specific diagnostic and therapeutic approaches and opened pathways for future research focused on elucidating mechanisms and improving patient care.