This chapter critically examines the ethical challenges in mental health care for Iranian adolescents, focusing on the complicated relationship among global psychological approaches, Islamic ethics, and Iranian socio-cultural realities. Iran’s ethnic diversity, encompassing groups such as Kurds, Arabs, Baluchs, Turks, Lors, and nomadic tribes, creates distinct mental health challenges shaped by cultural traditions, social inequities, and historical marginalization. The chapter foregrounds the necessity of critically conceptualizing “culture” and “cultural sensitivity,” moving beyond their superficial use as mere markers of diversity. In today’s global order, culture is often commodified—packaged and sold—risking new forms of exclusion and racism, including anti-Muslim bias. Understanding how culture is defined, by whom, and for whose benefit reveals underlying power struggles that shape mental health practices in Iranian communities. The concept of “inclusion” is similarly interrogated. While often portrayed as a benevolent ideal, inclusion can mask dominant Western epistemologies that marginalize or erase indigenousIndigenous healing traditions and local knowledge systems. This chapter warns against uncritical acceptance of inclusion, highlighting the political and ethical complexities involved in genuinely respecting and preserving local ways of healing. Resilience, within this ethical framework, is conceptualized not as an individual trait but as a culturally embedded, collective process shaped by social, religious, and familial contexts. It requires navigating structural constraints and cultural expectations unique to Iranian adolescents. Gender issues are examined through an intersectional lens, acknowledging how gendered pressures intersect with systemic inequalities, including gendered racism. The framework challenges reductive stereotypes and emphasizes narratives of cultural resistance and empowerment. Finally, the chapter calls for caution when employing mixed methods in mental health research and practice. It highlights the risk that global agendas might superficially embrace local knowledge while simultaneously appropriating or erasing it. Ethical mental health care needs constant awareness of power relationships and careful plans to combine global psychological ideas with the protection and support of local cultural and religious traditions.