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Perfluorinated and polyfluorinated hydrocarbons (PFAS) are a significant group of over 4,700 distinct anthropogenic organic compounds in which fluorine atoms replace all or some hydrogen atoms in the carbon chain. Two notable examples of medium-chain and long-chain PFAS, mainly due to their previous application levels, are perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid, which are highly persistent in the environment and are excreted from the human body with very long half-lives of several years. They have been classified as substances of very high concern due to their persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxic properties, and they are subject to various restrictions. Conversely, trifluoroacetic acid is a highly water-soluble, fully fluorinated alkanoic acid that is extremely mobile and less degradable in aquatic systems. It serves as a chemical process reagent for pharmaceuticals, biocides/crop protection agents, halogenated refrigerants, and blowing agents, and it is a potential breakdown product of fluorinated chemicals. In addition to the previously mentioned PFAS, several other substances or groups of substances, termed emerging PFAS, are used extensively and on a large scale, primarily as substitutes. They appear as residues in consumer goods such as carpets, upholstery, paper fibers, textiles, paper products, and cardboard, as well as in firefighting foams. These emerging PFAS are less persistent, can be degraded by atmospheric and biological processes, and are less toxic than the traditional long-chain PFAS. Thus, a brief description of the chemical-physical characteristics and usage patterns of various PFAS, their primary health risks and toxicokinetic properties, as well as references to further scientific literature, is provided. The main goal is to present detailed information about their occurrence in human matrices, such as blood, urine, and breast milk. In this context, detailed information is provided on perfluorinated and polyfluorinated compounds (PFAS) such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), trifluoroacetic acid, emerging PFAS like fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOH), polyfluoroalkylphosphoric acid esters (PAP), and fluorotelomer sulfonate acids, as well as more recent substitutes such as GenX (HFPO-DA), ADONA, and 6:2-Cl-PFESA (F-53 B).

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Perfluorinated and Polyfluorinated Compounds

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Hermann Fromme

摘要

Perfluorinated and polyfluorinated hydrocarbons (PFAS) are a significant group of over 4,700 distinct anthropogenic organic compounds in which fluorine atoms replace all or some hydrogen atoms in the carbon chain. Two notable examples of medium-chain and long-chain PFAS, mainly due to their previous application levels, are perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid, which are highly persistent in the environment and are excreted from the human body with very long half-lives of several years. They have been classified as substances of very high concern due to their persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxic properties, and they are subject to various restrictions. Conversely, trifluoroacetic acid is a highly water-soluble, fully fluorinated alkanoic acid that is extremely mobile and less degradable in aquatic systems. It serves as a chemical process reagent for pharmaceuticals, biocides/crop protection agents, halogenated refrigerants, and blowing agents, and it is a potential breakdown product of fluorinated chemicals. In addition to the previously mentioned PFAS, several other substances or groups of substances, termed emerging PFAS, are used extensively and on a large scale, primarily as substitutes. They appear as residues in consumer goods such as carpets, upholstery, paper fibers, textiles, paper products, and cardboard, as well as in firefighting foams. These emerging PFAS are less persistent, can be degraded by atmospheric and biological processes, and are less toxic than the traditional long-chain PFAS. Thus, a brief description of the chemical-physical characteristics and usage patterns of various PFAS, their primary health risks and toxicokinetic properties, as well as references to further scientific literature, is provided. The main goal is to present detailed information about their occurrence in human matrices, such as blood, urine, and breast milk. In this context, detailed information is provided on perfluorinated and polyfluorinated compounds (PFAS) such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), trifluoroacetic acid, emerging PFAS like fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOH), polyfluoroalkylphosphoric acid esters (PAP), and fluorotelomer sulfonate acids, as well as more recent substitutes such as GenX (HFPO-DA), ADONA, and 6:2-Cl-PFESA (F-53 B).