The relationship between the Czech lands and the African continent, as well as the African presence in Czechia, has a long history. This chapter provides the necessary historical background and context to make sense of the contemporary lives of Africans and AfroczechAfroczech in Czechia. It describes important developments in Czech African relations, focuses on key figures and events and portrays racial encounters during the twentieth century. While the decline and renewal of interest after 1989 received particular attention, the focus is also on how Africans were racialised from the end of the nineteenth century until today. A paramount theme of this chapter is Czechia’s current claim to “colonialcolonial exceptionalismexceptionalismcolonial exceptionalism”, which stands in the way of developing a critical racerace perspective, both in public and in academic discourse and, more generally, in society.