The Athens mint produced the silver coins known as “owls” for more than three hundred years, beginning in about 510 BC. The obverse (front) depicted Athena wearing a helmet, and the reverse (back) featured Athena’s owl. These coins became the first influential and widely used international currency, circulated by traders and merchants throughout the ancient world. A significant design change added a crescent Moon to the sky above the owl and olive leaves to Athena’s helmet as a kind of wreath of victory. Did these design changes commemorate the Greek victory at the land Battle of MarathonBattle of Marathon in 490 BC or the naval victory at the Battle of SalamisBattle of Salamis in 480 BC? What were the lunar phases at the times of those important battles? Can we explain the death of the runner after the Battle of MarathonBattle of Marathon? Can we explain the crescent Moon on the owl coins? Among the Egyptian Antiquities at the Louvre in Paris, a remarkable stone bas-relief known variously as the Dendera Star Ceiling, the Dendera Planisphere, or the Dendera Zodiac shows the heavens as depicted in ancient Egypt. In the early 19th century, shortly after the discovery of the star ceiling during Napoleon’s military expedition to Egypt, a lively controversy ensued when many French scholars studied the sky of the Dendera planisphere and offered a multitude of conflicting astronomical theories, all of which are now acknowledged as incorrect. In the Louvre now, visitors to the alcove with the Dendera artifact overhead find an information panel on the wall. Does our astronomical analysis confirm or contradict the modern French astronomical theory given on the information panel at the Louvre?