The inseparable link between agriculture, climatic variables and food security has been at the forefront of research and policy agenda in recent times. Climate change can have significant economic impacts on agriculture, affecting farm profitability, prices, supply, demand, trade and regional disparities. Small grains, such as millet and sorghum, have long been considered marginalised crops, with limited attention from policymakers and researchers. This chapter explores the potential of small grains in addressing food security challenges in semi-arid regions under the influence of climate change. The review synthesises recent evidence on the climate resilience of small grains, their nutritional qualities and the barriers to their widespread adoption. The findings suggest that small grains possess unique traits that confer increased tolerance to environmental stresses, such as drought, high temperatures and salinity. Furthermore, these crops offer a diverse range of nutrients, including protein, vitamins and minerals, which can contribute to improved nutritional security. However, the chapter also identifies several socioeconomic and institutional barriers that have hindered the widespread adoption of small grains, including limited access to markets, a lack of processing technologies and cultural biases. There is a need for comprehensive policies and targeted interventions to unlock the untapped potential of small grains in building climate-resilient and nutritious food systems in semi-arid regions.