A finite element model for the crashworthiness analysis of the composite fuselage cabin section was developed based on the structural design of the civil aircraft passenger fuselage, and calculations were performed by the explicit dynamic method. The influence of three cabin floor spar angles on the crashworthiness of the fuselage section was analyzed, and the proposed design angles based on crashworthiness were derived. Based on this, the impact of cargo floor spars and energy-absorbing structure of composite thin-walled tubes filled with aluminum foam on the crashworthiness of the fuselage section was analyzed by adding spars and energy-absorbing structure under the cargo floor. The results of the analysis show that the floor spar has a significant effect on the crashworthiness of the fuselage section, and the energy-absorbing structure improves the crashworthiness of the fuselage section.