Manufacturing enterprises are increasingly challenged by growing competition, rapid market changes, and rising expectations in terms of sustainability. In this context, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems play a vital role not only in enhancing operational efficiency but also in supporting the goals of sustainable development. Moreover, ERP systems are emerging as key enablers of Lean and Lean 4.0 practices by facilitating data integration, waste reduction, and process standardization. The aim of this study is to analyze the role of ERP systems in supporting sustainability and Lean transformation in manufacturing enterprises. The research was conducted through a systematic literature review and in-depth, semi-structured interviews with representatives from three manufacturing companies that have successfully implemented ERP systems. The findings indicate that ERP implementation contributes to improved resource utilization, error reduction, and enhanced process transparency—critical elements of Lean. In addition, ERP systems enable better inventory control, real-time data access, and more effective decision-making, which support economic, social, and environmental aspects of sustainable development. The study concludes that ERP systems not only enhance operational performance but also serve as a technological backbone for sustainable and Lean-oriented manufacturing. Their strategic implementation strengthens competitiveness while aligning enterprise operations with the principles of Industry 4.0 and responsible business practices.