Dust particles emitted from arid soils remain airborne for weeks, affecting climate, ecosystems and air quality. Dust may also impact food production and fisheries. In Spain, dust originates mainly from two sources: local agricultural activities and desert-dust transported from North Africa. Agricultural-dust emissions are associated with intensive farming of cereals, almonds, olives and other crops along the basins of the rivers Ebro (in the northeast), Duero (in the northwest) and Guadalquivir (in the south), as well as Murcia, Alicante, Castilla-La Mancha and southern Extremadura. An important hotspot occurs in Córdoba and Jaen, where soil shows severe disturbances by agricultural machinery, breaking the natural geological and biological soil crusts. Emissions of agricultural-dust result in the loss of minerals, nutrients and organic matter, contributing to a soil degradation that be mitigated through vegetation cover. On the other hand, the intensity of North African dust events has experienced a sharp increase. Between 2020 and 2022, Spain experienced record-breaking Saharan dust episodes, with dust concentrations reaching 5254 µg·m−3 (1-h average) in Gran Canaria (22-Feb-2020) and 3069 µg·m−3 (24-h average) in Almería (15-Mar-2022). Future dust impacts in Spain will depend on agricultural land management and the extent to which climate change drives Saharan dust transport and the projected northward expansion of North African drylands.